I f 5X TFIE ANNALS ^l) AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLIDIXO ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ano GEOLOGY. (nEING A CONTINUATION OF THE 'ANNALS ' COMBINED WITH LOUDON ANli CHAKLESWOItTIl's ' MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.') CONDUCTED B Y CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.L.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. VOL. XVIII.— FOURTH SERIES. LONDON: PRINTED AND I'LULISIIED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREKX, READER, AXD DYER ; SfMPKIX, MARSHALL AXT» ro. : KENT AND CO.; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN ANT> STEWART, EDINBURGH : liODOSS, FOSTER, AND CO., DinLI.N- : AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1876. " Oinnes res creata? sunt divinse sapientiae et potential testes, divitia; felicitatis humanae : — ex harum usu bonitas Croatoris ; ex pulcliritudine sapientia Domini ; ex oeconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potcntia raajestat.is elucot. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper a?stimata ; a vere eniditis et sapient ibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit." — Lixx.eus. "Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu'ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d'oeuTre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses operations." — Bruckner, Tkeorie du Sffsteme Animal, Leyden, 1767. The sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep : the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each .sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide : the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventm-er's tread. The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taylor, Norvich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII. [lOlKTII SHH1E8.] \ UMBER CHI. I'iige I. On tlie Afliuities of the Anthozoa Tabulata. By Dr. (itsr.vv IjINDSTROM ' 1 II. Ou the Culydiidce of New Zealand. By D. Siiari* 17 III. Eozoon cnnadense, according' to Ilalin. Bv J. W. Daavsox, LL.U., F.R.S., F.G.S ' 29 IV. Descriptions of two new Species of Ophioco7na. By Edgaii A. Smith, F.Z.S., Senior Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum 39 V. The Mammals of Tm-kestan. By Dr. N. Sevkrtzoff 40 VI. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of X(!w-Zealaud Coleoptera.— Part III. By Fraxcis V. Pasi ok, F.L.S. kc or VII. Note on a second Species of 'S}>;VoZ<;-rt«f/H/.v (C. & V.). By Dr. Albert Guntiier, F.R.S (u VIII. Contributions to the Study of the chief Generic Types of the Pal.Tozoic Corals. By James Thomson, F.G.S. , and H, Alleyne Nicholson, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S. E., Professor of Natural History in the University of St. Andrews. (Plates I.-HI.) 08 On the Embnolofry of the Nenicrtina, by M. J. Barrois ; Supposed Laurentian Fossil, by Dr. H. Allej-ne Nicholson ; Description of a new Rodent from Central Asia, by James Wood-]Masoii, Esq. ; Mr. Hermann von Jliering ou tlie Use of tlie Term '• llomogeny," by E. Ray Lankester; On the Animal of Mille- pora alcicornis, by Prof. P. Martin Duncan ; Deep-Sea Re- searches, by G. C.'Wallich, M.D 73—78 NUMBER CIV. IX. Notes on tln> Pnlu?ozoic (\)rals of the State of Oliio. By H. AlleyM': Nicholson, M.D., D.Sc, F.L.S. . Proff^ss )V of Natural Hi-I<.r\ in tlic F'liiv.Tsit V (.f St. Viidnws. iI'1m1.A',> IV CONTENTS. I'age X. Notes on Carbouiferous Lamellibrancliiata. By R. Etheridge, Jun., F.G.S. (Plate IV.) 96 XI. New Species of Coleopterafrora the Island of Rodriguez, col- lected bv the Naturalists accompanying the Transit-of- Venus Expe- dition. By Cii \RLEs O. "Wateuhouse, Senior Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum , 105 XII. On a small Collection of Lepidoptera from Cape York and the South-east Coast of New Guinea. By Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c 122 XIII. On a new Victorian Graptolite. By Frederick M'Ooy, Professor of Natural Science in the University of Melbourne, &c. . . 128 XIV. Observations on Dr. SevertzofF's " Mammals of Turkestan." By G. E. DoBSON, M.A., M.B., F.L.S., &c 130 XV. Notes on some Genera of Nudibranchiate MoUusca, with Notices of a new Genus and of some hitherto uudescribed Species, in the Collection of the British Museum. Bv P. S. Abraham, M.A., B.Sc, F.R.]M.S., F.Z.S. (Plates VI. & VII.) 132 XVI. On Anthracosaurus SnsselH (Huxlev). Bv Thomas Atthey. (Plates MII.-XI.) ' ' 146 XVII. The Mammals of Turkestan. By Dr. N. Se\-ertzoff . . 1G8 Proceedings of the Royal Society 1/4, 178 Proceedings of the Geological Society 180 — 186 Parkcria inferred to have been a Species of Ilydradinia, by H. J. Carter, F.R.S. &c. ; On Saccharomyces cerevisice, by MM. Fran- cisco Quiroga y Rodriguez and Enrique Serrano y Fastigati ; Notes on a Collection of Geological Specimens from the Coasts of New Guinea, Cape York, and neighbouring Islands, collected by William Macleay, Esq., F.L.S., President of the New-South "VVales Liunean Society, Sydney, by C. S. Wilkinson, Govern- ment Geologist ; On a new kind of Psorospermia {Lithocystis Sclmekleri), parasitic in Echinocardium cmdatum, by JNl. A. Giard ; Notice of a new Suborder of Pterosauria, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh 187—195 NUMBER CV. X\T:II. The Develownent of the Ova of Cht/ioniiis in the Body of the Mother, and the Formation of the Blastoderm. By Anton Stfxker 197 XIX. The Mamnuils of Turkestan, Bv Dr. N. Severtzoff .... 208 CONTENTS. V XX. Doscriptions niul Fifjures of Deep-Sea Sponpcs and their Spic'iili's, tVoin the Atlantic Ocean, dri'd^ed upon hoard II. M.S. 'Por- cupine,' chielly in 1801). Bv H. J. Carter, F.ll.S. I'src. (Plates XII.-XVI.). ■. 220 XXI. On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Port Moreshy, New Guinea. By Anruun G. Butler, F.L.S. &c 240 XXII. On some new and remarkable North- Atlantic Brachiopoda. By J. GwYN Jeffreys, LL.U., F.R.S 250 XXIII. On the Structure of the Mouth in Sucking Crustacea. By Professor J. C. SruiciuTE 253 Xetc Book : — Monojrraph of the Asiatic Chii-optera, and Catalogue of the Species of ]3ats in the Collection ot the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by G. E. Dobson, M.A., M.B., F.L.S., &c 20G Proceedings of the Royal Society 208 On the Discovery of the Trigonia aciiticostata CSVQoj) in the Living State, by F. M'Coy, Professor of Natural Science in Melbourne University ; On the Reproduction of the Dioecious I'olvo.r, by M. L.-P\ llenneguy ; On the Fur-Seal of the Islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam, by Prof. \V. Peters 273 — 270 NUMBER CVI. XXIV. The African Element in the Fauna of India : a Criticism of Mr. Wallaces views as expressed in the ' Geographical Distribu- tion of Animals.' By W. T. Bl.vnfoed, F.R.S. &c 277 XXV. On the Structure of the Mouth in Sucking Crustacea. By Professor J. C. Schiodte ....". 295 XXVI. On the Mode in which the Young of the New-Zealand Astacidce attach themselves to the Mother. By Prof. J. Wood- Masox 300 XX^'II. Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board II. M.S. 'Por- cupine,' chiefly in 1809. By II. J. Carteh, F.R.S. &;c 307 XXVIII. On a new Genus and Species of CoUembola from Ker- guelen Island. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P 324 XXIX. The Mammals of Turkestan. By Dr. N. Severtzoff . . 325 XXX. Description of a new Species of Mantuhe. By Prof. J. \Voori-MA.soN 337 VI (OXTKXrs. XXXI. Shells of the liittoral Zone, and Freshwater and Laud Shells, in Jersey. By E. Dtprky 338 XXXII. Additional Remarks on the Classification of the Genera of Chiroptcra. By G. E. Dobson, M.A., M.B., F.L.S., &c 345 XXXIII. Description of twenty new Species of Jlexpcridce. By AV. C. Hewitson 347 A Note on the Phenomena of Digestion in the Cockroach (Pertplaneta americana, L.~), by M. Ft^lix Plateau; Singular Ceylouese Frogs ; Remarks on Fossils from the Ashley Phosphate-Beds ; Reply to some Observations bv ^Ir. Gwvn Jeffreys on the Cruise of H.M.S. 'Valorous ' in 1875, by Qj. 0. Wallich, M.D 355—359 NUMBER CVII. XXXIV. On Peripatus novcn-zealandicB. By Captain F. W. Ilur- TON, Dii-ector of the Otago Museum. (Plate XVII.) 361 XXXV. Cn the Fecundation of the Egg in the Common Fowl. By P. T.VU13ER 309 XXXVI. The Mammals of Turkestan. By Dr. N. Severtzoff . 377 XXXVII. Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H.M.S. ' Porcupine,' chiefly in 1809. By A. J. Carter, F.R.S. &c 388 XXXVIII. Descriptions of supposed new Birds from the Khasi- Naga Hill-ranges, south of the 13rahmaputra River, Assam. By Major H. II. Godwin-Austex, F.Z.S. &c 411 XXXIX. Note on the Genera A^acoides and Puranephrops. By Edwaed J. MiERS, Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum 412 XL. Notes on a Group of Russian FusulincB. Bv Hexry B. Brady, F.R.S. (Plate XVIII.) . . ; ' 414 XLI. Descriptions of two new Species of Ce. By II. J. Carteu, F.R.S. &c 458 XL\7II. On a Collection of Lepidoptera recently received from Abyssinia. By Abthur G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c 480 XLIX. New and peculiar Mollusca of the Kellia, Liicina, Cyprina, and Corbida Families procured in the ' Valorous ' Expedition. By J. GwY.v .Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S 490 L. List of Mollusca collected by the Rev. A. E. Eaton at Spits- bergen during the third Voyage of B. Leigh Smith, Eq. Stel. Pol., in the Greenland Sea. Determined by J. GwYx Jeffreys, F.R.S. 499 LL Description of a new Species of Vesperugo from Zanzibar. By G. E. DoB.sox, M.A., M.B., F.L.S., &c 500 New Books : — Mongolia, the Tangut Country, and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet, being a Narrative of Three Years' Travel in Eastern llifj-h Asia by Lieut.-Col. N. PrejevaLsky. — The School Manual of Geology, bythelate J. B. Jukes, F.R.S. &c. Third Edi- tion, revised and enlarged, by A. J. Jukes-BroA^Tie, F.G.S. Sec. 501, 503 Anatomical and Morphological Researches on the Nervous System of Hymenopteroius Insects, by M. Ed. Brandt ; On some Re- markable Species of Maididcr, by Prof. J. Wood-Mason ; On Rhahdi(ij< stircoruUit, by M. Bavay ; On the intimate Phenomena of Cell-Divi.sion, by M. H. Fol ; On a Species of lapy-r, by Prof. J. Wood-Mason; " On the Fecundation of the Egg in the Common Fowl " /J04 — 51 1 Index hVl PLATES IN VOL. XVIIL Plate L~> II. )>Generic Types of Pal?eozoic Corals. mJ IV. Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata. V. PaliJeozoic Corals of the State of Ohio. ■ I Nudibranchiate Mollusca. VII. I IX. I Y SAnthracosaurus RusseUi. xlJ xn.i XIII. I XIV. i^-Deep-sea Sponges from tho Atlantic. XV. I XVl.J X\T;I. Peripatus novfe-zealandiae. XVIII. Russian Fusulinse. XIX I ■ > Amphipodous Crustaceans. XA. I THE ANNvVLS AND MAGAZLNE OF NATURAL HISTORY. fFOURTH SERIES.] " perlitora sparpit* museum. Naiades, ct circiun vitreos conHiditv fontes: PoUico virgineo tt-tiiTos hi(! cariiiti' (lores: Floribus et pii-tum. di\te, replete eaniHtrum. At vos, o NyinpliBB Craterides, ite sub undas; Ite, recurvato variata eorallia trunco Vellite rouscosis e nipibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Deae pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo." !?V. Farthenii Oiannettatii Eel. I. No. 103. JULY 1876. I. — On the Affinities of the Anthozoa Tahulata. By Dr. Gustav Lindstrom*. Since Milne-Edwards and Haime first laid the foundations of their classification of the Anthozoa in their great works, a large amount of material has been amassed on various hands, and necessitates on neai-er investigation a revision and, as an unavoidable attendant of the progress of science, a rearrange- ment of the various parts of the system. But amongst all the orders of Anthozoa none seems to stand so much in need of revision as that of the Tabulate Corals ; and the purport of the present paper is to demonstrate that this order is composed of genera belonging to quite different classes of tlie animal kingdom, and having no zoological affinities with one another ; whence it results that the order Anthozoa Tabulata must be broken up and its constituent genera distributed amongst other classes and orders previously known. Having examined almost all genera belonging to the Tabulate Corals, I cannot but concur in the opinion, which Prof. Verrill f, as far as I know, * Published in the Proceedinfrs of the Swodi.«ih Academy of Sciences, 1873, and translated, with amendments and addition.s, by the author- Communicated by Dr. 11. AUeyne Nicholson. t " On the Zoological Affinities of the Tabulate Corals," Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. I'^O?, p. loO ; "Reviewof Corals and Polyps of W. Coa.st of America," Trans. Conn. Acad. vol. i. 18()8-70, p. 518; "Affinities of Palffiozoic Tabulate Corals with existing- Species," Silliman's Journ. 1872, p. 187. See also W, S. Kent, Ann. & iMag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 384. Ann. (fe Mag. N. Hist. Ser.4, FoZ. xviii. 1 2 Dr. G. Lindstvom on the Affinities was tlic first to express, that the order Tabiilata is founded on a character too artificial to allow of its retention. The chief distinctive feature of the Tabulate Corals is stated to be the jireseiice of tabuhv or floors, rejiresenting what may be aptly called the horizontal element of the coral, in direct opposition to the vertical elements, viz. the wall and the septa. According to my views of the different ])arts of the corallum, these tabular are completely homologous with the dissepiments of the other corals. They consist of sclerenchyma secreted by the basal parts of the animal, within the wall and between the septa. In many Cyathophylloids it is very easy to see how tiie vesicular dissepmients in the centre of the visceral chamber, where the septa are absent, pass without the least interruption into larger, elongated, faintly convex, and horizontal laminse, or even into a single lamina, which, being smooth and more or less horizontal, can in no way be distinguished from a com- plete tabula. In longitudinal sections of the Cyathophylloids, tabula} are seen in one place and small vesicular dissepiments in another, at the centre of the same individual. We can thus see without any difficult}' how the lateral vesicular dissepiments are changed into tabula?. In some Cyathophylloids in which the cup is deep there seems to exist an exception, in so far that there is apparently an exterior zone of vesicular dissepiments, the lamina? composing which are directed in a slanting manner outwards and upwards, and which have no connexion with an interior zone of horizontal tabulie. This sharp distinction is due to the circumstance that those parts of the dissepiments which are simultaneously formed do not lie in the same plane, but are elevated at the sides and deeply depressed centrally. Thus the tabulee, lying deep down centrally, are environed laterally by older masses of dissepimental tissue ; and this causes an apparently distinct line of demarcation between the central and peripheral zones (see, for example, Edw. & Haime, Pol. Foss. des Ten-. Pal. pi. viii. fig. 4 a). In other genera, again, as Dijyhtjphyllumj Columnana^ and Litliostrotion^ the dissepiments are in a very high degree, as it were, pushed aside and the septa somewhat shortened ; whilst in other genera, such as Pholidophyllum and some GystipTiylla^ the dissepimental vesicles have quite disappeared, and the septa are reduced to a minimum, being sometimes wholly wanting, or only faintly indicated by rows of sparsely developed spines. This diminution of the septa and dissepiments is of necessity accompanied by an enlargement of the smooth central space, which is seen at the bottom of the cup to be uncovered by the septa and to be formed by the tabula. This surface is con- tinued without interruption between the septa, and occupies of the Anthozoa Tahuldta. 3 \\w. j)l;ic(.'ot' the (lissopiiiuMit.s (a.'<, for oxainj)lo, in some Ptycho- plujlla) ^ \waX in the sanu' way as the ilisse]jinients may occupy the phice of the talmhe. This identity of the tabulae and (lisse[)imcnts is perhajjs in no forms so evident as in the Cyn- thophylla^ in which there are frequent passaffes between ])oth these sclerenehymatous secretions, whereby it is demonstrable that they are immediate continuations or transformations of one another. On the other hand, there are llelioliti(hi^ in wliieli a h>nu-itudinal section sliows dissepiniental tissue of >(>(>, p. 113. 8 Dr. G. Liudstrom on the Apiiities though not always formed at these points. On the contrary, the bare patches, or " maculas " of autliors (the thin, smooth, calcareous membranes which have completely covered the oriHces of several cells), are also sometimes elevated so as to form " montiouli." This is the case, at least, with M. ostio- latoj and with Russian specimens of M. jyetrojjolitana, where monticules formed by the large cells are almost wholly covered by a membrane, which forms a macula. ]\Iacula3 are seen only where there are monticuli,or groupsof largecells. Theexcellent figures of some Silurian Monticulijyoro' in the works of Milne- Edwards (see Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. pi. xix.) show the same featm*e. This, however, is not peculiar to the Palaeozoic Bry- ozoa ; since J. Haime has described Bryozoa of the genera Heteropora and Ncuropcrra^ from tlie Jurassic formations of England and France, as not only having " macula? " hiding the cells beneath them but also montiouli (" mamelons ") and tabulae, Just as in Monticulipora (" Bryozoaires Foss. de la Form. Jurass.," M^m. Soc.G^ol. de France, 2^ ser. t. v. part 1, p. 207). The maculae in question may be identical with the smooth patches which are so prominent in the Cretaceous Bryozoan family Clusidte ; and it may be doubted whether this phenomenon, which was periodical and not constant, is not of the same nature as the calcareous membrane which is so often seen to close the orifices of the cells in recent Bry- ozoa (e. g. Betepora intricaria^ Fr. Smitt). It occurs also in single cells of some species of CJnetetes and Gallopora^ where it is seen in all stages, from a mere commencement round the wall of the zooecium to its complete form. Rominger regards til is covering as an operculum, which it cannot be, the forma- tion of such a cover necessarily proceeding in a way quite opposite to what obtains in the Bryozoa just mentioned. Moreover there seems to be no instance of the genuine oper- cula of certain Bryozoa having ever been preserved in a fossil state, as these structures are of a corneous nature. It is re- markable that such unquestionable corals as the Favositidae often have had their calices closed in a somewhat similar way. In these the orifices of single calices are closed by a thin, oper- culoid, calcareous membrane, formed, as in the Bryozoa, by successive strata, which grow concentrically from the wall towards the centre, where they are often left incomplete and not filled up. There are also species in which several adjoin- ing calices are covered in a similar manner. In the Favositid^ these covering membranes are clearly of an epithecal nature, being a direct continuation of the epitheca, which spreads successively over the calicles, as may be seen nowhere so clearly as m the strange Devonian Favosites turbinata, Bill. of the Authozoa TahnlaUi. 9 BesuU'S tlje (lifVerence in their structure, there is also this dis- similarity betwroii those aimli)<^ous structures in the Favositidic and tlie Bryuzoa — that in the hitter they are re^uhir, and cause the cliaracteristic patches and eminences, whereas in the former they spread along the upper border of the epithcca, and thence become scattered over single calices. In the Paheozoic strata there occur, besides the nowdescribed MontiruI!j)orii\, a great many related Bryozrta. Of this nature, for instance, is the Silurian MonticuUpora {Callopora) Fletcheri, E. & II., with its regular oblique macular, and others with narrow branches. Allied to these is a TremaUjpora with jointed branches ; and this genus leads to others, such as the common Gliinconome (/istir/m, Goldf. [=VincuIaria 7iO(/bsa, Kichw.), which also had their stems divided by joints, just as in the recent Bugida Murrayaiiaj Bean, and Cellaria horcalis, Busk. In the next ])lace, I may give a list of all the genera wliich by some authors are still regarded as Tabulate Corals, but which, in my opinion, must be eliminated from that class, and numbered amongst the Bryozoa. It may be objected that most of these are provided with tabula?, which have never as yet been observed m the zooecia or proper cells of the Bryozoa, but only in the interstitial cells (Fr. Smitt, loc.cit. pp. 476, 477). The development of the Palasozoic species, however, out of ])olyzoaria which have such a decided affinity to the recent Discoporelke and others, couj)led with the total absence of all septa, points with logical necessity to the above conclusion as to their systematic position. They must be placed with the Bryozoa, in the same way that the Cirripedia were re- moved from the Mollusca to the Crustacea, when their develop- ment became known. Even as regards some genera the deve- lopment of wliich is still unknown, there are points of struc- tural affinity with unquestionable Bryozoa which render their reference to this class highly probable. Callopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y. vol. ii. p. 144). To this genus belong MonticuUpora Fletcherij E. & H., and M. pulchella, E. & H. Cen'opora, Goldf. (Petref Germ. i. p. 32). According to D'Orbigny this genus is Brjozoan; but ^lilne-Edwards iden- tifies the Palaeozoic species with Monticnlipora. Chivtetes^ Fischer von Waldheim (Oryct. Gouv. de Mosc. p. 159). Later authors have given this genus a much greater expansion than that allowed to it by Fischer, who included in it C. radians and its varieties. D'Orbigny (Cours de Pal. vol. ii. p. liO) refers some species to the Bryozoan genus Polytreina, Risso, and retains only four as corals. Lonsdale 10 Dr. G. Lindstrom on the Affinities (Geol. Russia, i. p. 593), as well as Eicliwald (Letli. Ross. i. i>. 475), includes under this name the species of both Monticu- lipora and Cha'tetes. Milne-Edwards at first adopted the same course, but finally (Hist. Nat. des Cor. vol. iii. p. 270) separates the species with maculse (=venuc{e or nionticuli) under the name of Monficulijwra, and retains Chcetetes for the species with calicles of the same size, thereby approaching Stenoporo. ?Cladoj)ora, Hall {loc. cit. p. 137). Embraces species of Favosites and C«^>om,M'Coy(Ann.Nat. Hist. 1850, vi. p.283), = .V<./(- ticulijiont. Oi-bipora, Eicliw. (Leth. Ross. i. p. 484). Comprises dis- coidal Mon(icnfij>or(V or Clidtete.^. ()r/n'tuli///(\Sj Eiclnv. (Zool. 8pt'c. i. p. 180). Identical witli Monfifiih'pora. riornopora^ Hall (Pal. N. Y. vol. ii. p. 40). l\stuh'pora^ Keyserling (in Schrenk's ' Reise in dcr Norden Russlands,' vol. ii. p. 101). According; to Eichwald (Lctli. Ross. vol. i. p. 451), identical with his Myriolithes. Iihinopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y. vol. ii. p. 48). Identical with MoHtiruUpora. SteUipora, Hall (Pal. N. Y. vol. i. p. 79). Identical with Connfellaria. Stenopora, Lonsd. (in Strzelecki, Phys. Descr. N. S. Wales, p. 262, and Geol. of Russia, vol. i. p. 631). At first called TtihuUcUdia, Stomafopora, Broun (Leth. Geogu. i. p. 54). Comprises young colonies of SyriiKjopora, along with the stolons of Biyozoa of various formations. Tetradiumj Dana (Zooph. p. 701). Related to C/nrfetes. Trematopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y. vol. ii. p. 149). A branching Monticuliporoid, with characters of the ^^FistaUpora stage." Verticillipora, M'Coy (Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 194). A dubious Chdtetcs. It now remains to pass under review the other genera of the old order of the Tabulata. Since the researches of Dana (< Corals and Coral Islands,' p. 76), Kent (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 384), and Verrill (Amer. Journ. Sc. & Arts, 1872, p. 187), there can no longer be any doubt that Favosites and the closely related Uaimeriuj Emmonsiaj Stnalapora, Ko- ninckia, Fachypora^ n. gen.*, and NoduUporaj n. gen.f, belong * Pachvi'ora, iiov. gen. Calyces annuliformes, ad sumuiitates raniulorum, oblique semilunati, eeptis' pparsis, spiiiifoiniibus. Strata densissima, teuuissinie laniellata calycos circumdaut, unde hi in supcrlicie spatio aliquanto iutir se di- stjintcs, niiiri canaliculis portorati. Spct-ies unica P. hmeUiconiis n. (for- Hiiiin = MifUpura rcniiis laffi)^, punctis Kpar.sin, Linn., Cor. l^allica, p. 27, tig. xii.) raiutib babot coniplaiiato!;, quorum coniplure.s inter s<' coaloecunt et lauiiun8 bita.s fonnant ; calyces auuulilovnies vol oblique lunali, bi prre- sertiui septi^ nuiuili. Tabulae rarissinia) vel obscurit. Uccunit ad Visb}-. t NonuMi'OHA, iiov. gen. rolyparium turbinatuni, totuiu c nudulis minimis coutextuni, cctoruni 12 Dr. G. Lindstrom on the Affinities to the family Porttince of the Perforate Corals. Beaumontia, in so far as it can be separated from Favosites, belongs also to this group, and not to the Monticuliporida?. Lace.ripora^ Eichw., again, is nothing more than a highly perforated Favo- sites. Alveolites, as represented by M. -Ed wards (Hist. Nat. des Cor. vol. iii. p. 263), is an assemblage of most hetero- geneous fossils, some having ])erforate walls, septa, and tabular, and others totally void of these parts, their only common character being the non-essential one of having the mouths of the tubes oblique and semilunate. This character, however, is far from being always present. Two very common Upper- Silurian species, viz. A. Fougti, E. & H., and A. Lahechei^ E. & H., show themselves to be genuine Favosites, being primitively provided with erect polygonal corallites, the tubes ultimately becoming reclined, with oblique mouths, as the corallum grows out in a lamellar form, but the perforated walls and the septa being still retained. Of the other species there are some which, as the Devonian A. suborhicularis and its allies, are rather referable to Coenites. A. repens and A. seriatopor aides are finely branched forms, without septa and with few tabulae, and cannot with any certainty be num- bered amongst the corals as long as their initial stages are imknown. Miclielinia, again, deviates from the Favositidge through its more fully developed septa, its cystiphylloid dis- sepiments (tabular), and the root-like prolongations given off from the border of the corallites. The perforations in the walls are homologous with the inner openings of these rootlets, and not with the mural pores of the Perforata *. There are so many points of affinity between Michelinia and the Cysti- phylla, that the genus must be included in the same family as the latter. Chonostegites, E. & H., resembles an ei'oded Michelinia. We next have a clearly circumscribed family formed by some genera which are characterized by having twelve septa, all of the same size, and a peculiar coenenchyma composed of small tabulate tubes. This family consists of Heliolites, LyelUa, Plasmopora, Calapoeciaj and probably Thecostegites. When a longitudinal section of a, Heliolites is comparedwith that et forma et septi3 Favositarum. Epitheca tenuis, lonoitudinaliter rugosa. Superficies calycigera lata, plana. Calyces insequales, saepe in radios crescentes, obovati, angusti vel circulares, polygonii et curvi. Muri in- completi, perforati. Noduli corpore rotundo, processibus tenuibus inter se conjuncti. Partes iufeiiores vel primarise polyparii materia calcarea consolidatje. Superficies calycigera processus radiciformes emittit. Species unica N. acuminata n. in Dalhem, Gotlandia, reperta. * Favositea inaxiuiiis, Troost, is a MicheUnia, and is perhaps the same as the M. convcxa of Yandell and Shuuiard. \ of till' AittJmzoti Tnhuhitit. 13 of a Ilah/sites, the great accordance in tliiir intimate structure is very striking. In both there arc the hirgo-sizecl corallitea, and between these a more or less dense ca-nenehyma of narrow tabuhite tulK-s. 'I'his structure (the " Zwischenwiinde " of Fiseher-lienzcMi, in his ])aper " Ueber llalusiies^^^ ]>. 12) is of a very variable nature both in Ilahfsites and in the lleliolitidaj. Longitudinal sections of P/asnioj>ora [Prajwra) tuhnlata and Hdli/sites cafe/iK /arias resemble each other most; but there is also a great similarity iti the initial stages of growth in both genera. In all the lleliolitida*, as well as in FavositeSy S^rin- gopora^ &c., the earliest stage of growth is that of a small, narrow, conical polypary atKxed to some other fossil along its whole length. In Favosites and several other corals, new corallites bud out immediately from the inferior lip of the first corallite. In Jleliolites and Ilali/sites^ again, there is first formed the ccenenchyma, as an excrescence of the calicular rim, all around it ; and out of this ccenenchyma the new coral- lites are developed. The difference between the further growth in these last-mentioned genera is only that in Ileliolites the new corallites group themselves around their parent ; whilst in Hall/sites they range themselves in a line, each new^ one at the side of its predecessor. Both genera agree also in having, as a rule, twelve septa, which are subject to great variations in size in different corallites, being always of the same size in the same corallite. In some species the septa meet centrally and form a kind of columella, which is elevated and styliform in HelioUtcs — but in other forms is alone present, the septa having almost disappeared. Where the corallites are large the septa are generally small or quite deficient, as in HelioUtes megastortia and Ilalysites catenularias. In those species, again, which have small corallites, as Halysites escharoides and HelioUtes inordinatus^ the septa are proportionally more developed. I, then, consider Holy sites to be a member of the Heliolitida? ; and it is not improbable that Thecia, with its twelve septa and dense tubular ccenenchyma, also belongs to the same family. Amongst recent corals Pocillopora most closely resembles the Heliolitidie. The genus Battershyia I have not seen ; but it has been shown by Duncan (Trans. Roy. Soc. 1867, p. 648) to be one of the Astraiidte. Columnaria (or Favistella, which has the priority) is one of the Cyathophyllida?, as may be seen by its gemmation. Fletcherin, represented only by F. tubifera, E. & II., seema to be a Cystiphylloid of very variable characters. In the smaller varieties the vesicidar endotheca has been converted into tabuhv, and the septa have almost disappeared. 14 Dr. G. Lindstrom on the Affinities Syringopora^ finally, cannot, any more than the preceding, be considered a Tabulate coral. In large specimens there is a perfect accordance with the Rugosa. " Cost?e " and septa are present ; and the mode of growth agrees with that of the Rugosa. The coralhim, as in all other Palaeozoic corals, com- mences as a small, naiTOAV, conical corallite, which is reclining and attaclicd. From the inferior lip of the calicular orifice there shoot forth two diverging stolons ; and the orifice itself simultaneously is directed upwards at right angles, and becomes circular instead of semicircular. The stolons change into new corallites, which in turn send forth stolons, generally tW'O each, and become simultaneously cylindrical and erect tubes. A network of diverging corallites { = Aulopord) being thus formed, the growth of the colony is continued chiefly in a vertical direction, and the Syringopora proper begins to pro- pagate itself. The ascending tubes continue to emit from their calicine margins the narrow connecting tubes, often to the number of six, which have a horizontal direction and unite adjoining corallites. Some of these, however, turn iipwards, without fusion with neighbouring tubes, thus con- stituting new corallites, from which in turn connecting pro- cesses or new tubes are again produced. In fact, the con- necting-tubes and new corallites are morphologically nothing but the stolons, no longer creeping or attached, but suspended freely between the corallites. They have nothing in common with the mural pores of the Favositida, which are true lacunae in the wall, as is characteristic of the Perforata generally. The stolons or connecting-tubes of Byringojpora are homolo- gous with those expansions of the calicular lip which are so common amongst so many other corals and assume such a variety of shape. Such are the radicular processes which the polype forms during its first growth round its calicle, as in Omphyma, where they attain a length of several inches and sustain the coral in an erect position. In those corals, again, which were primitively prostrate and attached to foreign bodies, as in FliolidopliyUum^ Goniophyllum^ Rhizophyllum, and Cystiphyllum^ the rootlets radiate only from the lip of the attached surface. In others, again, as in several Cyathophylla, in Ptycliophyllum^ Acervularia, and Arachnophyllum^ the ex- pansions of the lips of the calicle give rise to those large hooked processes which M.-Edwards called "crampons." In none of the genera just mentioned have I ever observed new coral- lites budded forth from the crampons or rootlets. This occurs, however, in Dipliypliyllmn {■=Eridophyllum, E. & H.), in Lithostrotion ^ and in a new genus allied to these. The coral- lites in this last genus are cornet-shaped, attached, and strongly of the Anthozoa Tahulata. 15 fluted by pseiido-costae. As in Si/rin(jopora, a pair of diver- ginj^ stolons slioot out from the lij) of tlic affixed surface. These are converted into new corallites, but after attaining a certain size become detached from their parent ; so tliat a com]»ound colony is never produced. In Lit/iostrotion, e. g. in L. irregulare and L. harmodiles (in which true connecting- tubes are present), similar expansions may give rise to new corallites. In some [Lithostrotion cffftpitosian, Mart., De Koninck, An. Foss. 1872, pi. ii. fig. 2) they were very short, and are seen as knobs on the surface of the corallum. In Diphi/phyUum the large hooked processes are most nume- rous, and either coalesce with other corallites, or abut on their epitheca without actual fusion. Often new corallites which grow erect, and thus enlarge the corallum, are produced out of these processes (Edw. & Haime, Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. pi. X. ^(^. 4). It is assumed by various authors that such calicular expansions are only prolongations of the epitheca, and that they are formed of this. These rootlets, however, were in many genera clearly formed only when the corallum was young ; and hence they are only found round its lower extremity. In others (as Lithosfroti'on, DipIii/phgU.um, and Syringopora) they continued to be formed during life. By sections it can be readily shown that the rootlets are in imme- diate connexion with the interior calicular walls of the coral, and that they themselves are not only covered by the epitheca, but are also provided with endothecal dissepiments. In Xodu- lipora acuminata this outflow (of rootlets) takes its origin from several corallites in common, and has the form of reclined root- like processes, from which corallites are budded forth and form a new colony at the side of the former. From what I have here stated concerning the internal structiu-e and mode of propagation of Syringopora^ it seems to me evident that its systematic place should be rather in the vicinity of Lithostrotion and Diphyphyllnm than of the Favo- sitidie (as proposed by Duncan), or of llaly sites (as placed by M. -Edwards). As a summary of the above statements, I append a list of the genera which constitute the order of the Zoantharia Tabu- lata of M.-P2dwards and Haime, with remarks on what I hold to be their natural place in the zoological system : — Name of Genus. To be removftl to Millepora. Ilvdrozoa ? Heliopora. . jilryonana (Moseley). Polyt rem act's. A In/ on ti ria. Helioliffs. Heliolitida (special family). Fistulipora. Some species to Jleliolites ; fithera to the Bi-yozoa. IG On (he Affinities of the Anthozoa Tabulata. Name of Genus. To be removed to rinsmopora. Heliolitida;. Propora. As there is uo difference between them except in the size of the septa (a vers- variable character), this genus should probably be merged with Plasmopora, of which many species are known. Lyellia. HelioUtidfe. (The original speci- men in the Musee du Jardin des Plautes resembles an eroded He- liolites). Axopura. Hydrnzoa ? Battershyia. Astrceidce (Duncan). Favosites, ( 1 Subfamily Favositine classed with it and Bolitophagus antarcticus in the genus Ulonotus ; concerning which name I may here remark that the characters with which it was associated by Erichson were but insufficient, and no species was described ; so that I Ann. d' Mag. S. Hist. Ser. 4. To/, xviii. 2 18 Mr. D. Sharp oti the should have almost preferred to use Mr. Wollaston's TarpMo- miinetes had it not been objectionably polysyllabic. 4. I'arphiomimcfes Laicsoni, Woll. This speciesmay also be at present classed in the genus Ulonotus, though it is aber- rant from the sides of the thorax being without notches. 5. Tarphiomimus tndentatus, Woll. With this Ectomida lacerata, Pasc, is specifically identical, as I judge both from the descriptions and from information received from Mr. Pascoe. 6. Bitoma visulari's, White, which is at present correctly associated wnth the generic name given to it by White. I have included in the eighteen species I have described a very interesting insect allied to AgJycyderes setifer, West. Though AgJycyderes has not yet been referred to the Colydiidte, it appears to me that this may at present be done with ad- vantage. Thus the number of species of Colydiidas at present known to me from New Zealand is twenty-four. This number, though large, will undoubtedly be much increased (more than doubled I have no doubt, and highly probably even quadrupled) ; and it is pretty certain that, like the Atlantic islands. New Zealand will prove to be very rich in species closely allied to TarpJiius ; the genus Syncalus, indeed, here described, is especially close to the European and Atlantic TarpMits. I anticipate that some very interesting comparisons wnll be suggested w^ien the New- Zealand forms of the family are better known, as I hope may soon be the case. The Colydiidffi form one of the less specialized of the Coleo- pterous families. Many species appear to feed on the woody tissue of phanerogamic plants, others on dry cryptogamic products, while others, again, are found amongst much-decayed leaves and woody matter in dark woods. Other species, on the contrary, prey on the larvae of wood-feeding Coleoptera ; and these species are often slender, elongate, and subeylindric in form, to enable them to penetrate the burrows formed by their victims. It is probable that New-Zealand species will be found of all these groups. Ulonotus Brouni, n. sp. U. oblongus, piceus, supra variegatus, ina^qualis (et in elytris tuber- culatus), Bubtiis setulis brevissimis tenuissimisque adspersus ; pro- thorace lateribus bis indentatis ; antennis, tibiis tarsisque rufo- ferrugineis, clava, tibiisque in medio nigrescentibus. Long. corp. 4^ m. m. This species is very closely allied to TarpMomimetes viri- dtpictus, Woll., but is larger, and has the indentations at the Colydiidte of Xeio Zealand. 1 9 sides of the thorax considerably deeper, and the setae of the under surface nuidi fiHer. 1 he surface of the thorax and elytra is very similar in the two species (the green nodules of T. i'iri(/i'/)icfu,S'. hystrix are much coarser than in 8. optatus ; for on a denuded spot I perceive one or two very coarse punctures. A single individual has been sent to me by Captain Broun. EpiSTROPHUS (nov. gen. Colydiidarum). Corpus transversim convexum, rugosum, prothorace magno, basi ad elytra baud applicata. Caput in tboracem receptum. Antennae 11-articulatje, clava biarticulata. Prothorax lateribus subtus valde excavatis. Tarsi subtus setosi, articulo basali quam secundus longiore. Tibise extiis dense ciliata^, pro tarsorum reeeptione subimpressje. CoxfE posteriores sat distantes. Abdomen breve. The extraordinary little creature for which I propose this name has, so far as I know, no near described ally ; but it displays in some respects an affinity with the Tarphii, and it should, I think, be classed in their neighboiu-hood. The head, by a movement of nutation, is so placed as to be pro- tected by the front of the prosternum (as in the Histeridas) ; and the antennae are then received into the two very large, deep, and abruptly defined excavations of the thorax. The tibia are also a good deal modified for the protection of the tarsi ; these, when turaed back, are applied along the upper face of the tibife; and the outer and lower edge of the tibia is very densely ciliated. The excessively coarse and peculiar sculpture is much concealed by a dense exudation, which forms a covering very difficult to remove. EpistropJius Lawsoniy n. sp. E. niger, antenuis pedibusque rufis, tuberculato-rugosus, setis bre- viuscidis parce adspersus. Long. corp. 2 m. m. Antennae with the basal joint stout, and only its extremity visible from above ; second joint stout and rather long, cylin- dric ; third joint small, but more elongate than the small fol- Colydiidaj oj Neio Zealand. 23 lowing joints ; ninth joint small, but yet a little procluccd inwardly; tenth joint broad, stron.-oon-serpentine, however, he believes that it is a product of the alteration of olivine. He does not explicitly assert the occurrence of oli- vine in the Canadian serpentines, but bases his assertion on certain other specimens not Canadian, and on the appearance of fissures and colours akin to those of olivine in some parts of the Canadian specimens. In point of fact, as Dr. Hunt has shown, olivine does occur in some Canadian serpentines of Huronian or Silurian age, but not, so far as ascertained here, in those of the Laurentian system, in which the large proportion of Avater indicated on analysis shows that this anhydi-ous silicate cannot be present in any appreciable quan- tity. Independently of this consideration, as olivine is a mineral having a hardness of 6'5 to 7, or nearly twice that of serpentine, if present in any of the numerous specimens sliced and polished by Mr. Weston and myself, it could scarcely have escaped our observation. In these circumstances I must regard Halm's determination from polariscope characters as quite un- certain. Besides, I am familiar with the optical characters of olivine, and know that serpentine often very closely resembles it. Further, with reference to the alleged metamorphosis of olivine into sei-pentine, it must be borne in mind that olivine contains more of magnesia and other bases and less of silica than serpentine, so that the mere addition of water could not suffice to effect this change. As Dr. Hunt suggests to me, the removal of a considerable part of the magnesia would be necessary ; and this could scarcely have been effected except by carbon dioxide, which would have acted by preference on the surrounding limestone. Still further, as Scheerer long ago objected, in the case of the Snarum serpentine, the expansion consequent on the conversion of olivine into serpentine would have broken up all the surrounding minerals. In the case of the Canadian serpentine Ave have not only an absence of dis- turbance, but the sei-pentine has actually become shrunken and has had its fissures filled witli chrysotile. But the conclusive facts with reference to the ordinary aqueous origin of serpentine remain to be stated. In those Principal .). W. Dawson an Eozoon camidcndc. M formations in Canada referred by Sir William Lo^an to the Quebec ^rou{), there occur serpentines enclosing and filling the cavities ot" ordinary paheozoic fossils. These serpentines wei-c mentioned in connexion with Eozoon in my early papers in the ' Geological Journal,' because I had examined slices of them in the course of my studies of the Laurentian specimens; init much lart^er series of slices, prepared by Mr. Weston to illus- trate Sir William Logan's later researches in these rocks (un- ha])])ily let't unfinished at the time of his death), have recently l)een placed in my hands. In specimens of ophiolite from Melbourne 1 find the dark green serpentine of that locality not only enveloj>ing fragments of shells, Crinoids, and corals, but penetrating their pores and cavities. In another specimen collected by Mr. Kichardson at Lc Chibogomon, in a great bed of olive-green serpentine, Avhich has been analyzed by Hunt, there is a specimen of a tabulate coral quite large enough to be seen distinctly with the naked eye, having many of its thin-walled hexagonal cells filled with sei-pentine, while others are filled with calcite. These facts, of which I hope details will shortly be published, effectually dispose of Halm's diffi- culties as to serpentine filling tlie cavities of fossils. I may add that the" question whether cliondi-odite (which does occur in the Laurentian limestones) may have been a source of seqientine has been discussed by Dr. Hunt, and answered in the negative, and that GUmbel has found un- altered chondrodite filling cavities of Eozoon'^. Some of these points in relation to the Laurentian serpentines of Canada nave been fully discussed by Dr. Hmit as far back as 1853, in his memoir on the Constitution of Mineral Species, in Silliman's Journal for that year. 5. The Lamina' of Eozoon. — Hahn says that " the calca- reous layers occur in serpentine rocks which contain no Eozoon canadense.'''' This of course no one denies ; but its terms betray a curious misconception. In the case of Eozoon it is the serpentine layers that are included in the lime>^tone, not the limestone in the serpentine. Further, the serpentine layers are limited to certain definite forms, and have no more re- semblance to ordinary rock-lamination than have the layers of Stromatopone or fossil trunks of trees. I have examined numerous laminated serpentines and ophiolites, as well as laminated rocks and concretions of other kinds, some of wliich have indeed been sent to me for examination by collectors, who su])posed that they might be allied to Eozoon ; but I have not, even in the case of small fragments, experienced any * Memoir on Laurentian Rocks of Bavaria, 186r>. Ann. (.(.- May. X. Hist. Ser. 4, To/, xviii. .i 34 Principal J. W. Dawson on Eozoon canadense. difficulty in distinguishing these from the limited, tubercu- lated, and Strom atoporoid chamber-casts of Eozoon. 6, The Canal-system. — I am not quite certain how Halm regards this. To accord with his expansion theory, the canals should be mere cracks or fissures ; and in one place he describes them as such, though they arc in reality cylindrical in form. In another place he speaks of them as produced by the in- jection of a fluid containing lime in solution into a more dense fluid or semifluid substance. He objects to their being of different dimensions, though this is a necessary result of their ramifying into small branches. In regard to their composition, he seems to state that they are entirely soluble in dilute acid, and speaks of them as originating in crystals of aragonite — though the fact is that large portions of them remain intact in specimens treated with dilute acid, as he nmst have himself observed. He appears also to suppose that they should show a " tube or envelope " — which is not at all necessary, since, according to the organic theory of Eozoon^ they were originally merely ramifying perforations in a calcareous skeleton. In point of fact, in the ordinary serpentinous specimens the chambers and chamberlets arc in part filled with a flocculent or porous serpentine, white by reflected light and browni by transmitted light ; and this fills the larger canals ; but the finer branches of these canals are often filled with calcite or Dolo- mite. This mode of filling, which has been fully illustrated by Dr. Carpenter and myself, does not, however, at all suit the requirements of the olivine and expansion theory. He has, however, made the observation, for which he deserves some credit, that " a canal-system does not generally extend beyond one crystalline individual." There is an element of truth in this, though it is not strictly con-ect. The canal- systems are in general related to definite portions or thicken- ings of the supplemental skeleton. These may often be called in a certain sense crystalline individuals, their cleavage-planes being uniform in direction. But otherwise it is not usual to find the canals ceasing at interruptions of the crystalline struc- ture, except in certain easily explicable cases. It is observable, for instance, that the perfection of the stmctures and of the crystallization are often in inverse ratio. Thus in portions where the skeleton retains its granular cliaracter (regarded apparently by Hahn as a " fluidal structure ")* the canals are • The skeleton of Eozoon in its natural state seems to hare been finely porous, like that of Stromatopora, but on a more minute scale. This gives it a granular structure, often verj' distinct ; and in the Burgess specimens the pores seem to have been filled with Dolomite, vti(>n.s of (mo new Species o/' U[)hiocoina. By EiMiAK A. Smith', F.Z.S., Senior Assistant in the Z(X)Io- gical De})artnient, British Museum. Tiiiii^K two interesting forms ut' Ophiuridie were collected by Mr. Gcorpfc Gulliver at the island of Rodrif^uez, together with Op/uW'oma erinaceus, Miiller and Truschel, an-52()) ; Mr. AV. T. Blanford on Sheep ( Mamma Asiat. H (torn, cil Zool. Soc.'f><7.'i. pp. a'l7-(Ml ) — E. R. A.] pp. 0U!»- Mam'mals collected by the late Dr. Stoliczka in Turkestan, &c. (Jouni. Asiat. Soc. Benp. xliv. pp. 10r)-112), on the Marmots of Central Asia (torn. n't. pp. 1 l.'J-127), and on Sta^r'.-' Horns from the Thian-Shnn (Proc. - I><7.'i. ■ ~ " ^ 42 Dr. N. SevertzofF on the Mammals of Turkestan. 4. Vesperugo akokomuli, Temra., var. almatensis^ Scv. Is common in the north-eastern portion of Turkestan, viz. about the Semiretchje, the upper part of Narin, Aksay, Copal, and Vernoc. As to its vertical range, it is found at about the same altitude as the foregoing species. A male specimen, obtained at Vernoe in May 1865, some- ■vvliat resembles V. abraimis, Temm., in the shortness of its muzzle ; but the colom*, the form of the ears, and all other characters are like those of V. akohomuli. The ears are very wide at the base ; the belly towards the tail is white, forming a semilunar white patch. It mostly inhabits the houses. Very remarkable is the distribution of this Japanese form ; but the circumstance of the characters of two Japan species being found in one specimen from Vernoe shows that the ori- ginal race from which the two Japanese forms have their origin is a Central-Asian species. 5. Plecotus aun'tus, var. hrevimanus. Found only in the north-eastern portion of Turkestan, and very rare. It has been obtained at an altitude of from 4000 to 8000 feet. The only specimen obtained by me I met with at the Djan- bulak, on the southern side of the Kuraminsk mountain-chain, between Tashkent and Hodgent. It was at first taken by me for a new species, P. leucophceus \ but this specimen quite agrees with the description of P. hrevimanus ^ and, like it, differs from the real P. auritus in the shorter ears and lighter colour — characters which, according to Blasius,are not constant. The true P. auritus has been found in Turkestan about Vernoe, at a height of about 6000 feet ; the real P. hrevimanus only in Sicily ; and specimens intermediate between the two in Sicily and Italy. But still, on these short diagnoses, I do not venture to say for certain that my P. leucophoius is identical with hrevi- manus without having a sufficient number of specimens for comparison ; but its geographical relationship to the Turkestan P. auritus is the same as that of the European P. hrevimanus to the Em'opean P. auritus ; only no intermediate specimens have yet been met with. 6. Plecotus leucophceuSy n. sp. Has been found in the north-western portion of Turkestan, as stated above. Dr. N. SevertzofF on the Mammals of Turkestan. 43 7. lihinoiophus euryale '? Is distributed over the whole western half of Turkestan, where it remains all the year round, at an altitude of from lUUO to 4000 feet — tiiat is, on the grassy plains and steppes. 8. Sorex pulchellus. Has been found about the Syr-Darja, in the north-western portion of Turkestan, where it is very rare, and ap])ears to inhabit localities not more than 1000 feet above the level of the sea. 9. Sorex leucodon. This shrew, as well as the foregoing species, inhabits the north-western portion of Turkestan, viz. the Syr-Darja, Aris, Callessc, and the neii;hbourliood of the Aral Sea. It may be seen in the hills all the year round up to an elevation of 4000 feet. 10. Ertnaceiis auritus. Is common throughout Turkestan, its vertical range being- limited to about 4000 feet above the sea. 11. Ursus leuconyx, n. sp. {U. I'sabelli'nus?, Horsfield). The Himalayan pale-coloured yellowish-brown bear ( I/, isa- bellinus) described by Mr. Horsiield is known to me from Mid- dendorff's account (Sibirische Keise, iii. pp. 51,53), who takes it for a light southern variety of U. arctos. I cannot state with certainty whether his Himalayan bear is identical with the Thian-lShan specimens procured by me, which are also light-coloured ; but the colour of the latter is rather variable, and is certaiidy not constantly isabelline. Conse- quently 1 have established my species on an important and constant character, the white colour of the claws. In structure it resembles U. arctos^ especially in the skull, in the convex forehead, and the width of the jaws ; the head just before the eyes suddenly naiTows, and the muzzle is extremely slender compared with the massiveness and width of the temj)oral region. The snout is shorter than in the other species ; but taking into consideration Middendorff's statement about the great variation of the proportions of the skull of U. arctos, we cannot fix the cranial characters of U. leuconyx, of which I obtained only two complete specimens. The eyes, like those of our bear, are small ; tlie oars are rather larger, of about the same size as the muffle of the animal. 44 Dr. N. Severtzoff on the Mammals of Turkestan. Tlic most striking difference is in the claws, which are white, whilst those of U. arctos are black. Tlie claws of the front feet of U. leuconyx are long and very little bent, whilst those of U. arctos form almost half a circle. The claws of the hind feet of U. Icucoyiyx are only half as long as the front claws, and also very little bent. Its fur is wavy, and much longer than that of U. arctos, but not so thick ; the hair is 3 to 4 inches long, especially in winter at a great altitude. The general colour is reddish brown, the hairs having yellow tips; but the legs are pure reddish brown. The coloration varies. On the high plains about the Upper Narin the fur at the root is toierabl}' light, and the terminal half of the hairs is whitish, so that the animal often appears dirty white with light brown legs. In the forests about Vernoe, at a height of about 3000 to 6000 feet, three fourths of the hair is reddish brown, the ends yellowish, and the general colour is reddish brown, shaded with yellow. In Karatau the bear lives at low altitudes of 2000 ' to 3000 feet, in small woods which afford very little shade ; and in this warm climate its colour is very pale, not whitish, but yellowish, and the ends of the hair are hardly lighter than the roots. The young have a white collar like U. arctos. The habits are different. About Vernoe, from the time when the Cossacks commenced to keep bees, the bear very intelligently empties the beehives. In the western spurs of the Thian-Shan mountains, and in the fertile country about Chirchick, it principally feeds on fruits, such as apples, grapes, walnuts, &c, ; and, finally, at the Narin it preys principally on the marmots, and for that purpose ascends to the high table- lands considerably above the limit of the forests. I met with it in such localities during the month of October, even at an altitude of 11000 feet, w^hen the marmots are in their winter sleep and do not come out of their holes. Then the bear digs them out, and kills in their colonies more than he is able to eat. Those he cannot eat at the time he buries again, after having first bitten through their nape. Such marmots my huntsmen found buried and quite fresh at a place where they afterwards killed a bear. This was a full-grown female 4 feet 6\ inches long, height at the shoulders 2 feet 7 lines, conse- quently much smaller than U. arctos, but proportionally higher on the legs. The real habitat of these light-coloured bears is in the thickets, at a height of from 8000 to 10500 feet, and in the fir-forests up to 9500 feet, whence they make their hunting- trips to the high steppes. Dr. \. Scvcrtzofi' on the }[iimm(ils of 'rurkcslan. 4.') 12. Melcs tn.nis. Is a common rosidt-nt throu_ti;liout 'riukcstnn, cxco})l in the liigliest mountains. 1 have never tbuntl it beyond an t'le\ati(in of from 7000 to 8000 feet. 13. Fceton'us puton'usy var. ICccrs/nanni. Is common throuj^hout Turkestan, with tlic exception of the south-western district, wliere it does not occur at all. It hardly ever ^ocs beyond 3000 to 4000 feet in the hills, keeping more to tlie lower localities. 14. Fcetorius alpinus. I met with it about the Upper Narin, at an elevation of about 9000 feet. 15. Fmtorius ermineus. Is a common resident, and is found throughout Turkestan ; I have not observed it, however, in the south-western portion. It occurs at high altitudes, even at the summits of some of the highest mountain-chains. 16. Fcetorius gale. Inhabits the Karatau and Thian-Shan mountains and the neighbourhood of the Syr-Darja. 17. Mustela foina. Is a resident throughout Turkestan, and inhabits the hills at a height of from 4000 to 8000 feet above the sea all the year round, but in winter some individuals descend even lower. 18. Mustela intermedia^ n. sp. Inhabits the eastern portion of Turkestan, viz. the basin of the rivers Chu, Tallas, Xarin, &c. It does not ascend high in the mountains, only up to about 9000 feet, and has never been seen by me below 4000 feet above the sea. It jjrobably occurs also in the north-western part of Turkestan, which, however, I cannot state with certainty. (See below.) 19. Mustela martes. Is found exactly in the same localities as tlie foregoing species, except the south-casteni parts of Turkestan, where its occun'cnce is rather doubtful. 46 Dr. N. Severtzoff on the Mammals of Turkestan. Mustela intermedia, M. foina, M. martes. e great quantities of pelts of martens, obtained by the in tlie Thian-Shan and sold at the Turkestan fairs, In the Kirgies are found those of both M. martes and M. foina, with their characteristic light-coloured mark on the throat like an in- verted V. This mark is quite regular and of a reddish yellow colour in M. martes, and does not reach quite to the fore legs ; in M. foina the similarly shaped but more irregular spot, of a white colour, reaches quite to the fore legs. On the great majority of the skins for sale these characters are plainly marked. On the other hand, there are very many specimens which present intermediate characters — sometimes as regards shape, sometimes in interruption of the branches or in the colour of the spot on the throat, which even on the most yellow- throated specimens is lighter than on the European race of M. martes. Between these light-reddish-yellow and pure white- coloured throat-spots, the Turkestan specimens present the most complete series of intermediate degrees. I at the same time noticed that the rarest of all is the pure white-throated race, as also the very dark yellow colour ; but usually they have light-yellow or yellowish white throats, the shape of which inclines more towards M. foina than M. martes, particularly in skins sold at the western fairs about Tashkent and Chimkent. The general colour of these two species in Europe is different. M. martes is of a dark reddish brown, and the under-fur is light brown ; while M. foina is blackish brown, and the under- fur is greyish white, so that the whole coloration is greyer. In Turkestan there is no such difference in the colour ; the under-fur is always light ash-colour: the long hair is sometimes blacker and sometimes more reddish brown ; but both colours occur Avith either light or dark-coloured throat-spots ; and their difference might originate from the fading of long-kept skins. Therefore M. martes and M. foina in the Thian-Shan mountains are much less distinct than in Europe. As to pro- portions, I only can state that in the Turkestan species the tail is almost twice as long as the hind legs, just as it is in the two European species. But these intermediate specimens I have called in my catalogue M. intermedia ; and another specimen was shown to me by a Tartar, who spoke Russian, under the name of the " Cashgar sable." Two of these animals, in summer and winter dress, obtained by me later on, certainly come nearer to the sable in the quality of the fur and the short tail. Its long hairs are much finer Dr. N. Sevcrtzoff o« the Mammals of Turkestan. 47 and closer-set tlian tliosc of the Turkestan or European spe- cimens, and in winter the liairs are lonfjer. Their colour is brii^ht brownish black ; the under-fur is hardly to be seen, being nearly altogether covered by the long hair, and is light grey with smoke-coloured ends, a little darker than in the other two species of marten. The spot on the throat is varialde : usually it consists of several pale yellow or yellowisli white spots placed in the form of a triangle, of which one angle points towards the mouth ; these spots often reach to the fore legs. Sometimes there are even two lines formed by spots, wliieh are even more irregular tlian in M. foina, in which the M. intermedia a})proaches the sable. The tail is longer by about one fourth than the stretclied hind legs, and is a little shorter than one half of the whole body, the neck and head included — for instance, 18 inches from the tip of the nose to the root of the tail, 6 inches from the root of the tail to the claws of the hind legs, 8 inches length of the tail. If the marten is 18 inches long, the tail measures 10 inches ; in a sable of the same size the tail measures only 6 inches. In summer M. intermedia has the long hair of a blackish brown colour, a little shorter and duller than in winter ; the under-fur is shorter and coarser, and of a darker brownish grey colour. The ])rice of marten-skins in Tashkent ranges from 3 to 5 roubles, according to their quality aud the number of skins brought for sale by the Kirgies. Those of M. intermedia^ or " Cashgar sable," fetch twice as much, say up to 10 roubles. The Kirgies sell them wholesale at a uniform price ; but they are sorted afterwards before resale by the Tashkent dealers. The trapping is can-ied on during the autumn and winter. The martens which approach to .1/. martes live in the fir- woods of the Semiretchje and Saeleysky Alatan and about Issik-kul ; those which resemble M. foina inhabit all the Thian-Shan mountains (at Merke they descend in winter into the steppes and plains in ]nirsuit of mice and birds) ; and, finally, J/, intermedia inhabits the fir-woods at extremely high elevations, as well as the bilberry-bushes, aud even beyond the limit of the tree-growth. Altogether M. intermedia keeps in the central and highest parts of the Thian-Shan mountain- chains, at both sides of the Narin river. All this information was given to me by the Kirgies, to whom I showed the different marten-skins, asking them where they had met with them. Some of the Kirgies consider them to be one species, but always distinguish them by the localities they inhabit. For the definite determination of the Turkestan martens 48 Dr. N. Severtzoff on the Mammals of Turkestan, skeletons arc wanted ; tor ^[. martes and M. foina differ in their dentition and palatal ridges, and M. zihellina differs from both by the number of the caudal vertebrae. Judging only from the skins, it appears probable to me that M. foinaj M. martes^ and M. zihellina have one origin, and that the Thian-Shan is the native place of all the three, where, up to the present, as it appears, they have not fully differentiated and obtained specific independence. This may be caused by the want of large woods on the mountains, where even tlie fir and birch trees grow only in small groves or even singly. 20. Lutra vulgaris. Is to be met with all the year round in Turkestan, except the Zarevshan step])es and mountains and the vicinity of the river Syr-Darja. It does not go up in the mountains very high, never having been met with by me above the cultivated district of about 4000 feet altitude. 21. Cams lupus. Inhabits all Turkestan, and is met with at almost every altitude in the mountains, except in winter, when they leave the summits of the highest mountains. 22. Cams alpinus. I have met with this species in the vicinity of Kopal and Vemoe, but not lower than 5000 feet altitude. 23. Canis familiaris. Extremely common throughout Turkestan in summer ; but in winter they leave the highest parts of the mountains. 24. Canis vulpes. If any thing, it is even commoner than the preceding species, as even in winter it was met with in the highest-situated localities. 25. Canis melanotis. Is found all over Turkestan, except the south-western disti-icts comprising the Hodgent valley, the entire Zarevshan valley, and the Syr-Darja steppes. It is not found higher than about 7000 feet above the sea. Dr. X. Severtzoff on the Mammals of Turkestan. 49 20. Canis corsa/c. Is found exactly in the same places as the preceding, but has never been observed by me above 1000 feet altitude. 27. Felis tigris. Is common in Turkestan, especially up to about 4000 feet altitude ; but beyond that it is rare in winter, and only in summer does it visit localities which are higher than 7000 feet. 28. Felis irhis. Common, but not below 4000 feet. 29. Felis jiihata. Only in the western portion of Turkestan have I met with this species, and even tliere only in the low plains. 30. Felis lynx (cum var. c^rvaria). Is a resident in Turkestan, and seems to inhabit a zone not below 4000 feet nor above 10000 feet ; I did not find it at any other altitude, 31. Felis manul. Inhabits the east of Turkestan. 32. Felts servalina. I met with it only in the western parts and in the low steppes, plains, &c., not above 1000 feet above the sea *. * [In the copy of the ' Fauna of Turkestan ' I find the following note made by Dr. N. A. Severtzoff.— F. C. C] ^ ^ Felis servalina ia F. servalina, J axdine, 'Naturalist's Library,' "Cats;" synon. F. ornata. It is figured in this work evidently from a stuffed specimen ; legs too long, but the markings identical. In the description the proportion of height to length (10 inches to 15 j is wrong — again, I think, from incorrect stuffing of the described specimen, which was in the Edinburgh Museum, and which from its small dimensions was evi- dently a young one, the adult averaging 23-25 inches in length without tail, which latter measures about 1 foot. Since then, this animal (adult ) ha.s been verv carefully described, from Ust-Urt, bylEversmann (Bullet. Soc. Natur. de Mosc, about 1850). Evers- mann named it also F. servalina. Therefore I cannot mention it as new, knowincr two gor>d descriptions and a figure. This cat is the Chau.* cai/dad/s, IVoc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 31, pis. vi. & vii. The specimen described was labelled in Rus.«iian from the Jany- Ann.d: May. N. Hist. Ser. 4. I'c/. xviii. 4 50 Dr. N. SevertzofV on the Mammals of TurJcestan. 33. Felis catus domestica. Throughout Turkestan ; but does not occur above the apple and ash-grove district. 34. Arctomys haihacinus. I found this species in the highest mountains of the east ; below 4000 feet altitude they did not come under my obser- vation *. 35. Arctomys caudatus. Up to the present time I have found this species only in one locality, viz. in tlie Garahurinsk rocks, south of the Aulje-ata, in the mountain-chains between Tallas and Chirchik. The only specimen preserved lias been lost ; but I remember that it was yellow, with fine black longer hair, the head was darker and blackish ; the colour and shape (except the tail) were gene- rally like those of A. haibalc. In my notes, hoAvever, I have the measurements of a young specimen obtained by me : its length from the tip of the nose to the root of the tail was 14 inches 2 lines, tail 8 inches 5 lines. This long tail affords a good specific character for A. caudatus. At the place where this specimen was killed there were about twenty holes in the ground, proving that this species, like the other marmots, lives gregariously. Jacquemont, avIio discovered this species, also found it only in one high-situated plain of the Himalayas, a little east of Cashmir, on the road to Ladak. These two localities show that A. caudatus inhabits the south-western Thian-Shan and the north-western Himalayas, and probably also all the space between the two mountain- chains where they are inteiTupted ; but the occm-rence in the above two localities might also be sporadic, being the two outer limits, and the space between them unknown. Daija (not Dyanau), a branch of the lower Syr, now dry, but at that time flowing. All my specimens I gave to the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, and this also. I do not know how it came into the British Museum. [The true F. servalitia is a West-African species. Cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 495, pi. Ixiii.— E. R. A.] * [Dr. Severtzoff subsequently suggested that these specimens might belong rather to Milne-Edwards's A. robustus, Vvhich Mr. Blauford iden- tifies with A. himalayanus of Hodgson. Cf, Jom-n. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xliv. p. 126.~E. R. A.] Dr. y. Sovcrtzort' "// tlif Maniiudla of Tifrkcsfaii. .">! 30. Spennophilus fuloens. Has been uu't with by me in the low plains of western Thian- Shan and Karatau, not above 4()()() feet altitude. 37. Sjyennophilus leptodactylus. Is a resident in the low-situated localities of Western Turkestan. 38. SperniopJdlus brevicauday Brandt {tnuffosancus?, Licht.). Inhabits all the low-lying parts of Tui'kestan, except the south-western district, comprising the whole Zarevshau valley and Hodgent district, where I have not met with it. 39. Spermophilus sp. ? {brevicauda ?) . The note of interrogation is placed here on account of my having lost the specimens obtained at Karabur, and not being able to compare them with typical S. brevicauda ; but the latter I know well from specimens of my own collecting in the Kirgies steppes of the lower Ural, and from the careful examination of one hundred and fifty specimens obtained by Carelin in the latter locality. At first sight I referred the Karabur specimens to S. brevicauda^ on account of the small size (7-8 inches exclusive of the tail), the short tail, and the grey colour, with indistinct, almost insignificant pied markings, caused by the blackish and pale yellow rings round each hair. I was rendered doubtful of tiie correctness of this determina- tion only by the fact that S. brevicauda is an inhabitant of low plains, and no specimens of this genus have been found in the cultivated altitude of the Karabur ; but these steppes are not well known yet. But then there is the analogical fact that S. viusicus has been found liigh up in the Caucasus and in the New-Russian step})es. I may mention here that I did not find any great difference between S. musicus and S. brevicauda. The former is de- scribed as quite grey, and the latter as greyish pied, with each hair of two colours, and a yellow belly ; but the roots of the belly-hair of S. brevicauda are yellow, their ends are some- times yellowish brown and sometimes whitish. The pied appearance of the back is sometimes very plain and sometimes quite insignificant ; and the shades of these characters on Ural specimens are innumerable ; no two are alike. On the other hand, S. musicus is unicolorous only in comparison with S. guttatuSj which inhabits just the same New-llussian steppes, the hair of the former being closely marked with rings ; the 4* 52 Dr. N. Severtzoff on the Mammals of Turhestan. mottled appearance is not so easily noticed ; but the width and number of these rings on the liair of S. brevicauda is also variable. Therefore it would be useful to make more exact comparisons between S. mugosaricus, S. brevicauda, and S. musicus, the ranges of which meet on the Lower Volga and Don ; and perhaps they may prove to form only one species. Here it also must be stated that the first description of -S'. mugosaricus was taken by Lichtcnstein from a specimen from the Kirgies steppes ; whilst the first description of S. musicus was made by Iklenetri^s from a mountain specimen from the Caucasus. The Karabur specimens were obtained at an altitude of from 7000 to 9500 feet, on the grass-covered plains of the summits of the Karabur ^lountains. 40. Arvtcola arvalis. Inhabits the north-eastern portion of Turkestan, and does not appear to go beyond an altitude of about 6000 feet. 41. Arvicola leucura, sp. n.* Is found in the north-western parts of Tui-kestan. It goes exactly as high as the preceding species, but has not been observed below 1000 feet altitude. The fur is soft like that of Cricetus, light brownish grey, on the belly white ; the base of the hair on the whole body is plumbeous. The ears project beyond the fur. The tail is one fourth as long as the body, and is snowy white, with a black tip of rather longer hair. The first lower molar tooth has nine prisms, like i\\a.t oi Arvicola. The most striking specific characters are in the white tail and soft hair ; and the species may thus be diagnosed : — Arvicola Cauda nivea subpenicillata, apice obscuriore, vellere moUi cinerascente, infra albo, auriculis e vellere prominentis. I obtained only one specimen, on the Upper Massat in the lower mountains of the Thian, between Aulje-ata and Chim- kent, in December 1866. 42. Arvicola gregalis. Has been observed in the same localities as the preceding species. I myself met with it in the Karatau at the upper * [Should this prove to be a good species it will require a new name, A. leuc^irus having been used by Gerbe (Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 260) for a European vole which Blasius and Fatio consider to be identical vrilh A. mvalisoi Martins. — E. R. A.] Dr. X. Si'vcrtzutt' on the Mammuls of Tuilci\stan. 53 Buf^un. wlicre it is abuiulant, My specimens, four in number, differ irom Siberian examples in the darker and more yel- lowi.sli colour {supra cano-fulvesccns pilis pernvdfis iii